Sampling and quantization, signal to noise ratio, analog and digital filters, the first and second generation of the Vold-Kalman order filter, Fourier transform, fast Fourier transform algorithm (FFT and FFTW), autospectrum, analytic signal, Hilbert transform, modulation and demodulation of harmonic signals, calculation the envelope and phase of an analytical signal, unwrapping phase, quadrature mixing, parametric and nonparametric methods for calculating the frequency response, autocorrelation function, cross correlation function, Wiener–Khinchin theorem, wavelet transform, decomposition and reconstruction of signals.