1. Solutions and their classification. Nonelectrolyte solutions, ideal and real solutions. The Raoult’s law
and Henry’s law. Real solutions, definition of the standard states for component in binary solutions,
deviation from Raoult´s and Henry´s law, activity and activity coefficient.
2. Thermodynamic properties of multicomponent solutions, activities and interaction coefficients.
3. Thermodynamic functions of solutions. Partial molar quantities. Differential and integral quantities.
Mixing and excess quantities. Thermodynamic models of solutions – ideal, real, regular and athermal
solution. The Gibbs-Duhem equation, applications.
4. The thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism of fundamental technological reactions. Equilibrium in
a system containing condensed phases and a gaseous phases.
The thermal dissociation of coumpounds. The thermal dissociation temperature and pressure.
5. The indirect chemical reduction of metal oxide. The Boudouard reaction, thermodynamic and kinetic
analysis, significance,technological use of Boudouard reaction. The direct reduction of metal oxide.
Graphical representation of equilibria in the system metal – oxygen – carbon.
6. The mechanism and kinetics of thermal decomposition and reduction. Topochemical reaction,
characteristics, models. The Jander´s equation. The metal oxidation kinetics.
7. Molten metal theories. The structure and physical properties of liquid metals – viscosity, surface
tension, vaporization, sublimation, melting, transformation of the crystalline form.
8. The crystallisation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, physicochemical analysis of
process, critical radius of embryo and its dependence on selected factors.
9. Physical and metallurgical aspects of gases in molten metal. The Sievert's law – solubility
dependence on selected factors. The influence of gas pressure on the solubility of gas in liquid metals.
10. Molten slags, theory of slags. The molecular and ionic theory of slags. The classification of ions in
slags, basicity of slags. Physicochemical properties of slags - structure, viscosity, surface tension,
electrochemical properties.
11. The Temkin´s model of ideal ionic melts, thermodynamic quantities of ideal ionic solution. Non-ideal
ionic solution, characteristics of selected theories.
12. The thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism of raffination processes. The distribution of
components between two immiscible liquids, Nernst’s distribution law, distribution coefficient,
distribution reactions between slag and metal .
13. Rafination reactions – desulphurisation, dephosphorization, deoxidation of slags, thermodynamic and
kinetic description of rafination processes.
14. Nonmetallic phases in metal. The formation and growth of inclusions, thermodynamic and kinetic
factors.
and Henry’s law. Real solutions, definition of the standard states for component in binary solutions,
deviation from Raoult´s and Henry´s law, activity and activity coefficient.
2. Thermodynamic properties of multicomponent solutions, activities and interaction coefficients.
3. Thermodynamic functions of solutions. Partial molar quantities. Differential and integral quantities.
Mixing and excess quantities. Thermodynamic models of solutions – ideal, real, regular and athermal
solution. The Gibbs-Duhem equation, applications.
4. The thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism of fundamental technological reactions. Equilibrium in
a system containing condensed phases and a gaseous phases.
The thermal dissociation of coumpounds. The thermal dissociation temperature and pressure.
5. The indirect chemical reduction of metal oxide. The Boudouard reaction, thermodynamic and kinetic
analysis, significance,technological use of Boudouard reaction. The direct reduction of metal oxide.
Graphical representation of equilibria in the system metal – oxygen – carbon.
6. The mechanism and kinetics of thermal decomposition and reduction. Topochemical reaction,
characteristics, models. The Jander´s equation. The metal oxidation kinetics.
7. Molten metal theories. The structure and physical properties of liquid metals – viscosity, surface
tension, vaporization, sublimation, melting, transformation of the crystalline form.
8. The crystallisation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, physicochemical analysis of
process, critical radius of embryo and its dependence on selected factors.
9. Physical and metallurgical aspects of gases in molten metal. The Sievert's law – solubility
dependence on selected factors. The influence of gas pressure on the solubility of gas in liquid metals.
10. Molten slags, theory of slags. The molecular and ionic theory of slags. The classification of ions in
slags, basicity of slags. Physicochemical properties of slags - structure, viscosity, surface tension,
electrochemical properties.
11. The Temkin´s model of ideal ionic melts, thermodynamic quantities of ideal ionic solution. Non-ideal
ionic solution, characteristics of selected theories.
12. The thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism of raffination processes. The distribution of
components between two immiscible liquids, Nernst’s distribution law, distribution coefficient,
distribution reactions between slag and metal .
13. Rafination reactions – desulphurisation, dephosphorization, deoxidation of slags, thermodynamic and
kinetic description of rafination processes.
14. Nonmetallic phases in metal. The formation and growth of inclusions, thermodynamic and kinetic
factors.