Basic terms. State equation. Avogadra's law, mixtures of ideal gases. First thermodynamic law. Basic reversible processes of ideal gases. Real gases. Heat cycles, Carnot cycle, reversed cycle, cycle comparison. Second thermodynamic law, entropy. Irreversible processes in practice. Basic thermodynamic processes in the field of vapors. Humid air. The flow of gases and vapors through nozzles. Cycles of real thermal machines. Compressors and refrigeration equipment. Energy and Exergy.