1. After initial introduction to problematics of chemical bonds and electronegativity, the solid phase
characteristics, the basic division of solids and the division of crystals are presented. Attention is paid to the
crystal lattices and lattice parameters.
2. Ionic crystals, their structure and properties are presented as the first type of crystal structures. Attention is
paid to lattice energy, the Born-Haber cycle and the Madelung constant.
3. Covalent crystals, their structure and properties are presented as the second type of crystal structures.
Transition between ionic and covalent bonds is presented. Metallic crystals, their structure and properties are
presented as the third type of crystal structures.
4. After initial introduction to Lennard-Jones potential and hydrogen bonds, van der Waals crystals and crystals
based on hydrogen bonds are presented. Difference between homodesmic and heterodesmic structures is
explained. Attention is paid to polymorphism.
5. After initial introduction to definition and division of defects in crystal structures, attention is paid to point
defects, including examples of practical applications, and to line defects. The basics of elastic and plastic
deformation of solids are discussed.
6. Based on the previous topic, two-dimensional defects, volume defects and layer disorders, including examples
of types of disorders, are presented. Further, attention is paid to natural layered structures and their use.
Principles of intercalation are explained.
7. Description of atomic planes using Miller indices is explained and practical examples are included. The
historical calculation of the size of the crystal cell using density is used to explain the interplanar distance. Bragg’
s equation is introduced and derived.
8. The role of X-ray diffraction analysis in characterization of solids is discussed, including practical examples.
The relationship between lattice parameters, Miller indices, and interplanar distance is shown.
9. After explanation of the concept of symmetry, its basic elements compatible with the translational periodicity
are discussed, including practical examples. Evidence of the limited number of n-fold rotational axes is provided.
Attention is also paid to quasicrystals and their classification among crystal structures.
10. Based on the previous topic, the combination of the symmetry elements and the corresponding
transformation matrices are presented and discussed. Further, attention is paid to planar and space groups.
11. After initial definition of mesophase, types of liquid crystals are presented according to their origin and
internal structure. Further, attention is paid to the properties and use of liquid crystals.
12. Amorphous solid phase, namely glasses, their structure and properties are presented together with methods
of preparation and the criteria of glass formation. Attention is paid also to phase transition.
13. Models of crystal growth are presented. Chemical reactions in the solid phase are presented.
14. The test
characteristics, the basic division of solids and the division of crystals are presented. Attention is paid to the
crystal lattices and lattice parameters.
2. Ionic crystals, their structure and properties are presented as the first type of crystal structures. Attention is
paid to lattice energy, the Born-Haber cycle and the Madelung constant.
3. Covalent crystals, their structure and properties are presented as the second type of crystal structures.
Transition between ionic and covalent bonds is presented. Metallic crystals, their structure and properties are
presented as the third type of crystal structures.
4. After initial introduction to Lennard-Jones potential and hydrogen bonds, van der Waals crystals and crystals
based on hydrogen bonds are presented. Difference between homodesmic and heterodesmic structures is
explained. Attention is paid to polymorphism.
5. After initial introduction to definition and division of defects in crystal structures, attention is paid to point
defects, including examples of practical applications, and to line defects. The basics of elastic and plastic
deformation of solids are discussed.
6. Based on the previous topic, two-dimensional defects, volume defects and layer disorders, including examples
of types of disorders, are presented. Further, attention is paid to natural layered structures and their use.
Principles of intercalation are explained.
7. Description of atomic planes using Miller indices is explained and practical examples are included. The
historical calculation of the size of the crystal cell using density is used to explain the interplanar distance. Bragg’
s equation is introduced and derived.
8. The role of X-ray diffraction analysis in characterization of solids is discussed, including practical examples.
The relationship between lattice parameters, Miller indices, and interplanar distance is shown.
9. After explanation of the concept of symmetry, its basic elements compatible with the translational periodicity
are discussed, including practical examples. Evidence of the limited number of n-fold rotational axes is provided.
Attention is also paid to quasicrystals and their classification among crystal structures.
10. Based on the previous topic, the combination of the symmetry elements and the corresponding
transformation matrices are presented and discussed. Further, attention is paid to planar and space groups.
11. After initial definition of mesophase, types of liquid crystals are presented according to their origin and
internal structure. Further, attention is paid to the properties and use of liquid crystals.
12. Amorphous solid phase, namely glasses, their structure and properties are presented together with methods
of preparation and the criteria of glass formation. Attention is paid also to phase transition.
13. Models of crystal growth are presented. Chemical reactions in the solid phase are presented.
14. The test