The First law of thermodynamics, definition, signification. Enthalpy, influence of temperature and pressure on this quantity. The heat of reaction, laws of thermochemistry and their use. Variation of the reaction enthalpy with temperature. The adiabatic reaction temperature.
The Second law of thermodynamics – definition and signification.Entropy, influence of temperature, pressure and volume on this quantity. Thermodynamic potentials – Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy. Gibbs-Helmholtz equations, significance and application. Partial molar quantities – definition, properties. The chemical potential and its significance. Chemical equilibrium,influence of external conditions on equilibrium.The Le Chatelier’s principle. The phase equilibrium, phase, component, degree of freedom. Conditions of equilibrium in multiphase systems. The Gibbs phase rule, its application to single-component and multi-component systems. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
Solutions and their classification. Nonelectrolyte solutions, ideal and non-ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions, definition of the standard states for component in binary solutions, deviation from Raoult´s and Henry´s law, activity and activity coefficient. Multicomponents systems, activities and interaction coefficients. Thermodynamic functions and models of solutions. Differential and integral quantities. Mixing and excess quantities.
Chemical kinetics.
Kinetics of homogeneous simple reactions. Guldberg-Waag Law, kinetic interpretation of equilibrium. First-order reactions, second-order reactions, nth-order reactions. The mechanism of simultaneous chemical reactions reversible, parallel and consecutive reactions, mathematic analysis.The temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction, Arrhenius equation. Theory of reaction rates. The effect of pressure on reactions rate. Kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reactions, elementary steps in heterogenous reactions. The diffusion, molecular diffusion, Fick’s laws of diffusion, consecutive and parallel diffusion, principles of analysis. The adsorption, physical adsorption and chemisorption. Adsorption from gases on solids. Adsorption isotherms. Adsorption from solutions on solids.
The Second law of thermodynamics – definition and signification.Entropy, influence of temperature, pressure and volume on this quantity. Thermodynamic potentials – Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy. Gibbs-Helmholtz equations, significance and application. Partial molar quantities – definition, properties. The chemical potential and its significance. Chemical equilibrium,influence of external conditions on equilibrium.The Le Chatelier’s principle. The phase equilibrium, phase, component, degree of freedom. Conditions of equilibrium in multiphase systems. The Gibbs phase rule, its application to single-component and multi-component systems. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
Solutions and their classification. Nonelectrolyte solutions, ideal and non-ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions, definition of the standard states for component in binary solutions, deviation from Raoult´s and Henry´s law, activity and activity coefficient. Multicomponents systems, activities and interaction coefficients. Thermodynamic functions and models of solutions. Differential and integral quantities. Mixing and excess quantities.
Chemical kinetics.
Kinetics of homogeneous simple reactions. Guldberg-Waag Law, kinetic interpretation of equilibrium. First-order reactions, second-order reactions, nth-order reactions. The mechanism of simultaneous chemical reactions reversible, parallel and consecutive reactions, mathematic analysis.The temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction, Arrhenius equation. Theory of reaction rates. The effect of pressure on reactions rate. Kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reactions, elementary steps in heterogenous reactions. The diffusion, molecular diffusion, Fick’s laws of diffusion, consecutive and parallel diffusion, principles of analysis. The adsorption, physical adsorption and chemisorption. Adsorption from gases on solids. Adsorption isotherms. Adsorption from solutions on solids.