1. Colloidal systems. Preparation, condensation and dispersion methods, significance in industry and environment, degree of dispersion, particle size distribution functions and experimental determination of particle size distributions.
2. Properties of colloidal systems – optical (Tyndall effect, nefelometry), kinetic (Brownian motion, diffusion of colloidal particles) and electrical (electrophoresis, sedimentation potential, streaming potential, electro-osmosis). 3. Structure of colloidal particles. Electrical charge of colloidal particles, micelle, theory and models of electrical double layer - Helmholtz double layer, Gouy-Chapman double layer, Stern modification of diffuse double layer. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, preparation and stability.
4. State changes of colloidal systems. Coagulation, coalescence, sols and gels, xerogels, swelling, thixotropy. Methods for separations colloidal systems. Dialysis, electrodialysis, filtration, electro- ultrafiltration, ultrafiltration, electro-decantation.
5. Coagulation. Coagulation threshold. Coagulation and adsorption. Hardy-Schultz rule, lyotropic (Hofmeister) series. Coagulation kinetics of monodispersed systems. Basic conceptions of coagulation kinetics of polydispersed systems. Swelling kinetics.
6. Sedimentation of colloid particles. Sedimentation in the gravitational field and sedimentation in the centrifugal field. Sedimentation equilibrium and rate. Determination of molar masss weight by sedimentation.
7. Motion of colloidal particles. Stokes' law. Diffusivity and mobility of colloidal particles. Movement of colloidal particles in electric field.
8. Passage of dispersion systems through membranes. Theory of the Donnan membrane equilibrium. Osmotic pressure and viscosity of colloidal systems. Einstein relation.
9. Emulsions - preparation and stability. Emulsifiers, stabilisers of emulsions, their physicochemical action. Foams, preparation, stability and utilization.
10. Surface phenomena. Free surface energy, surface and interfacial tension. Wetting of solid surface by liquid, Laplace equation, contact angle, measurement methods. Interfacial phenomena on interface between two immiscible liquids. Surface films.
11. Adsorption on liquid-liquid and gas-liquid phase interface. Gibbs adsorption isotherm, surface-active and surface-nonactive agents. Flotation principles.
12. Adsorption on liquid-solid and gas-solid phase interface. Adsorption of gases on solid surfaces. Adsorption from solutions on solids. Adsorption isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, BET model of adsorption). Factors affecting adsorption. Adsorption hysteresis. Adsorption kinetics.
13. Angular phase interface. Kelvin’s equation. Dissolution of solid substances. Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization from solutions. Distribution coefficient, principles of extraction.
14. Polymer systems. Theory and thermodynamics of macromolecules. Flory-Huggins theory.
Theoretical exercises:
- Introduction - introduction to exercise timetable, conditions for obtaining credit and recommended reading. Size of dispersed particles, the degree of dispersity, differential and integral distribution function of particle size, average molar mass.
- Electrokinetic phenomena, kinetics of coagulation.
- Sedimentation and gross sedimentation equilibrium colloidal dispersion systems.
- Osmotic pressure, membrane equilibrium membrane hydrolysis.
- Surface films, adsorption of the movable interface.
- Adsorption on a solid phase interface from the gas phase and solution.
- Calculation test.
Laboratory exercises:
- Safety in the laboratory, an introduction to laboratory assignments, basic information on the exercises and the formulation of requirements for protocol processing.
- Determination of the constants of adsorption isotherm of acetic acid on charcoal.
- Determination of strongly acidic cation exchange capacity in a standard condition.
- The critical micelle concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate.
- The titration curves of ion exchangers.
- Determination of the degree of swelling depending on the pH of the gelatin solution.
- Adsorption on a mobile interface.
- Sizing hydration package of gelatin.
- Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon.
- Determination of some physical properties of ion exchangers.
- Evaluation of content and formal level protocols, credit.
2. Properties of colloidal systems – optical (Tyndall effect, nefelometry), kinetic (Brownian motion, diffusion of colloidal particles) and electrical (electrophoresis, sedimentation potential, streaming potential, electro-osmosis). 3. Structure of colloidal particles. Electrical charge of colloidal particles, micelle, theory and models of electrical double layer - Helmholtz double layer, Gouy-Chapman double layer, Stern modification of diffuse double layer. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, preparation and stability.
4. State changes of colloidal systems. Coagulation, coalescence, sols and gels, xerogels, swelling, thixotropy. Methods for separations colloidal systems. Dialysis, electrodialysis, filtration, electro- ultrafiltration, ultrafiltration, electro-decantation.
5. Coagulation. Coagulation threshold. Coagulation and adsorption. Hardy-Schultz rule, lyotropic (Hofmeister) series. Coagulation kinetics of monodispersed systems. Basic conceptions of coagulation kinetics of polydispersed systems. Swelling kinetics.
6. Sedimentation of colloid particles. Sedimentation in the gravitational field and sedimentation in the centrifugal field. Sedimentation equilibrium and rate. Determination of molar masss weight by sedimentation.
7. Motion of colloidal particles. Stokes' law. Diffusivity and mobility of colloidal particles. Movement of colloidal particles in electric field.
8. Passage of dispersion systems through membranes. Theory of the Donnan membrane equilibrium. Osmotic pressure and viscosity of colloidal systems. Einstein relation.
9. Emulsions - preparation and stability. Emulsifiers, stabilisers of emulsions, their physicochemical action. Foams, preparation, stability and utilization.
10. Surface phenomena. Free surface energy, surface and interfacial tension. Wetting of solid surface by liquid, Laplace equation, contact angle, measurement methods. Interfacial phenomena on interface between two immiscible liquids. Surface films.
11. Adsorption on liquid-liquid and gas-liquid phase interface. Gibbs adsorption isotherm, surface-active and surface-nonactive agents. Flotation principles.
12. Adsorption on liquid-solid and gas-solid phase interface. Adsorption of gases on solid surfaces. Adsorption from solutions on solids. Adsorption isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, BET model of adsorption). Factors affecting adsorption. Adsorption hysteresis. Adsorption kinetics.
13. Angular phase interface. Kelvin’s equation. Dissolution of solid substances. Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization from solutions. Distribution coefficient, principles of extraction.
14. Polymer systems. Theory and thermodynamics of macromolecules. Flory-Huggins theory.
Theoretical exercises:
- Introduction - introduction to exercise timetable, conditions for obtaining credit and recommended reading. Size of dispersed particles, the degree of dispersity, differential and integral distribution function of particle size, average molar mass.
- Electrokinetic phenomena, kinetics of coagulation.
- Sedimentation and gross sedimentation equilibrium colloidal dispersion systems.
- Osmotic pressure, membrane equilibrium membrane hydrolysis.
- Surface films, adsorption of the movable interface.
- Adsorption on a solid phase interface from the gas phase and solution.
- Calculation test.
Laboratory exercises:
- Safety in the laboratory, an introduction to laboratory assignments, basic information on the exercises and the formulation of requirements for protocol processing.
- Determination of the constants of adsorption isotherm of acetic acid on charcoal.
- Determination of strongly acidic cation exchange capacity in a standard condition.
- The critical micelle concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate.
- The titration curves of ion exchangers.
- Determination of the degree of swelling depending on the pH of the gelatin solution.
- Adsorption on a mobile interface.
- Sizing hydration package of gelatin.
- Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon.
- Determination of some physical properties of ion exchangers.
- Evaluation of content and formal level protocols, credit.