1. Colloidal systems. Preparation, condensation and dispersion methods,
significance in industry and environment, degree of dispersion, particle
size distribution functions and experimental determination of particle size
distributions.
2. Properties of colloidal systems – optical (Tyndall effect, nefelometry),
kinetic (Brownian motion, diffusion of colloidal particles) and electrical
(electrophoresis, sedimentation potential, streaming potential, electro-
osmosis). 3. Structure of colloidal particles. Electrical charge of
colloidal particles, micelle, theory and models of electrical double layer
- Helmholtz double layer, Gouy-Chapman double layer, Stern modification of
diffuse double layer. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, preparation and
stability.
4. State changes of colloidal systems. Coagulation, coalescence, sols and
gels, xerogels, swelling, thixotropy. Methods for separations colloidal
systems. Dialysis, electrodialysis, filtration, electro- ultrafiltration,
ultrafiltration, electro-decantation.
5. Coagulation. Coagulation threshold. Coagulation and adsorption. Hardy-
Schultz rule, lyotropic (Hofmeister) series. Coagulation kinetics of
monodispersed systems. Basic conceptions of coagulation kinetics of
polydispersed systems. Swelling kinetics.
6. Sedimentation of colloid particles. Sedimentation in the gravitational
field and sedimentation in the centrifugal field. Sedimentation equilibrium
and rate. Determination of molar masss weight by sedimentation.
7. Motion of colloidal particles. Stokes' law. Diffusivity and mobility of
colloidal particles. Movement of colloidal particles in electric field.
8. Passage of dispersion systems through membranes. Theory of the Donnan
membrane equilibrium. Osmotic pressure and viscosity of colloidal systems.
Einstein relation.
9. Emulsions - preparation and stability. Emulsifiers, stabilisers of
emulsions, their physicochemical action. Foams, preparation, stability and
utilization.
10. Surface phenomena. Free surface energy, surface and interfacial tension.
Wetting of solid surface by liquid, Laplace equation, contact angle,
measurement methods. Interfacial phenomena on interface between two
immiscible liquids. Surface films.
11. Adsorption on liquid-liquid and gas-liquid phase interface. Gibbs
adsorption isotherm, surface-active and surface-nonactive agents.
Flotation principles.
12. Adsorption on liquid-solid and gas-solid phase interface. Adsorption of
gases on solid surfaces. Adsorption from solutions on solids. Adsorption
isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, BET model of adsorption).
Factors affecting adsorption. Adsorption hysteresis. Adsorption kinetics.
13. Angular phase interface. Kelvin’s equation. Dissolution of solid
substances. Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization from solutions.
Distribution coefficient, principles of extraction.
14. Polymer systems. Theory and thermodynamics of macromolecules. Flory-
Huggins theory.
Theoretical exercises:
- Introduction - introduction to exercise timetable, conditions for obtaining
credit and recommended reading. Size of dispersed particles, the degree of
dispersity, differential and integral distribution function of particle
size, average molar mass.
- Electrokinetic phenomena, kinetics of coagulation.
- Sedimentation and gross sedimentation equilibrium colloidal dispersion
systems.
- Osmotic pressure, membrane equilibrium membrane hydrolysis.
- Surface films, adsorption of the movable interface.
- Adsorption on a solid phase interface from the gas phase and solution.
- Calculation test.
Laboratory exercises:
- Safety in the laboratory, an introduction to laboratory assignments, basic
information on the exercises and the formulation of requirements for
protocol processing.
- Determination of the constants of adsorption isotherm of acetic acid on
charcoal.
- Determination of strongly acidic cation exchange capacity in a standard
condition.
- The critical micelle concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate.
- The titration curves of ion exchangers.
- Determination of the degree of swelling depending on the pH of the gelatin
solution.
- Adsorption on a mobile interface.
- Sizing hydration package of gelatin.
- Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon.
- Determination of some physical properties of ion exchangers.
- Evaluation of content and formal level protocols, credit.
significance in industry and environment, degree of dispersion, particle
size distribution functions and experimental determination of particle size
distributions.
2. Properties of colloidal systems – optical (Tyndall effect, nefelometry),
kinetic (Brownian motion, diffusion of colloidal particles) and electrical
(electrophoresis, sedimentation potential, streaming potential, electro-
osmosis). 3. Structure of colloidal particles. Electrical charge of
colloidal particles, micelle, theory and models of electrical double layer
- Helmholtz double layer, Gouy-Chapman double layer, Stern modification of
diffuse double layer. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, preparation and
stability.
4. State changes of colloidal systems. Coagulation, coalescence, sols and
gels, xerogels, swelling, thixotropy. Methods for separations colloidal
systems. Dialysis, electrodialysis, filtration, electro- ultrafiltration,
ultrafiltration, electro-decantation.
5. Coagulation. Coagulation threshold. Coagulation and adsorption. Hardy-
Schultz rule, lyotropic (Hofmeister) series. Coagulation kinetics of
monodispersed systems. Basic conceptions of coagulation kinetics of
polydispersed systems. Swelling kinetics.
6. Sedimentation of colloid particles. Sedimentation in the gravitational
field and sedimentation in the centrifugal field. Sedimentation equilibrium
and rate. Determination of molar masss weight by sedimentation.
7. Motion of colloidal particles. Stokes' law. Diffusivity and mobility of
colloidal particles. Movement of colloidal particles in electric field.
8. Passage of dispersion systems through membranes. Theory of the Donnan
membrane equilibrium. Osmotic pressure and viscosity of colloidal systems.
Einstein relation.
9. Emulsions - preparation and stability. Emulsifiers, stabilisers of
emulsions, their physicochemical action. Foams, preparation, stability and
utilization.
10. Surface phenomena. Free surface energy, surface and interfacial tension.
Wetting of solid surface by liquid, Laplace equation, contact angle,
measurement methods. Interfacial phenomena on interface between two
immiscible liquids. Surface films.
11. Adsorption on liquid-liquid and gas-liquid phase interface. Gibbs
adsorption isotherm, surface-active and surface-nonactive agents.
Flotation principles.
12. Adsorption on liquid-solid and gas-solid phase interface. Adsorption of
gases on solid surfaces. Adsorption from solutions on solids. Adsorption
isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, BET model of adsorption).
Factors affecting adsorption. Adsorption hysteresis. Adsorption kinetics.
13. Angular phase interface. Kelvin’s equation. Dissolution of solid
substances. Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization from solutions.
Distribution coefficient, principles of extraction.
14. Polymer systems. Theory and thermodynamics of macromolecules. Flory-
Huggins theory.
Theoretical exercises:
- Introduction - introduction to exercise timetable, conditions for obtaining
credit and recommended reading. Size of dispersed particles, the degree of
dispersity, differential and integral distribution function of particle
size, average molar mass.
- Electrokinetic phenomena, kinetics of coagulation.
- Sedimentation and gross sedimentation equilibrium colloidal dispersion
systems.
- Osmotic pressure, membrane equilibrium membrane hydrolysis.
- Surface films, adsorption of the movable interface.
- Adsorption on a solid phase interface from the gas phase and solution.
- Calculation test.
Laboratory exercises:
- Safety in the laboratory, an introduction to laboratory assignments, basic
information on the exercises and the formulation of requirements for
protocol processing.
- Determination of the constants of adsorption isotherm of acetic acid on
charcoal.
- Determination of strongly acidic cation exchange capacity in a standard
condition.
- The critical micelle concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate.
- The titration curves of ion exchangers.
- Determination of the degree of swelling depending on the pH of the gelatin
solution.
- Adsorption on a mobile interface.
- Sizing hydration package of gelatin.
- Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon.
- Determination of some physical properties of ion exchangers.
- Evaluation of content and formal level protocols, credit.