1. Introduction and historical background
2. Preparation of Graphene and Its Properties
2.1. Top-down Methods (Mechanical Exfoliation, Solution-Based Exfoliation of Graphite, Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite, Chemical Oxidation of Graphite, Exfoliation,and Reduction, Opening/Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes: Graphene Nanoribbons)
2.2. Bottom-up Methods (Chemical Synthesis, Epitaxial Growth on SiC, Chemical Vapor Deposition, 3D Graphene)
2.3. Processability of Graphene Materials
2.4. Characterization Methods
3. Electrochemistry at Graphene Surfaces
3.1. Graphene and Heterogeneous Electron Transfer
3.2. Influence of Dopants and Impurities on Graphene Electrochemistry
3.3. Spectroelectrochemistry of Graphene
4. Graphene in Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing
4.1. Graphene Sensors and Biosensors (Analysis of Biomarkers, DNA/Protein/Cell Analysis, Analysis of Heavy Metals, Graphene in Security Applications)
5. Graphene in Energy Systems
5.1. Graphene for Capacitors and Supercapacitors
5.2. Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Graphene
5.3. Graphene-Based Solar Cells
5.4. Graphene-Based Lithium Ion Batteries
6. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
2. Preparation of Graphene and Its Properties
2.1. Top-down Methods (Mechanical Exfoliation, Solution-Based Exfoliation of Graphite, Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite, Chemical Oxidation of Graphite, Exfoliation,and Reduction, Opening/Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes: Graphene Nanoribbons)
2.2. Bottom-up Methods (Chemical Synthesis, Epitaxial Growth on SiC, Chemical Vapor Deposition, 3D Graphene)
2.3. Processability of Graphene Materials
2.4. Characterization Methods
3. Electrochemistry at Graphene Surfaces
3.1. Graphene and Heterogeneous Electron Transfer
3.2. Influence of Dopants and Impurities on Graphene Electrochemistry
3.3. Spectroelectrochemistry of Graphene
4. Graphene in Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing
4.1. Graphene Sensors and Biosensors (Analysis of Biomarkers, DNA/Protein/Cell Analysis, Analysis of Heavy Metals, Graphene in Security Applications)
5. Graphene in Energy Systems
5.1. Graphene for Capacitors and Supercapacitors
5.2. Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Graphene
5.3. Graphene-Based Solar Cells
5.4. Graphene-Based Lithium Ion Batteries
6. Conclusion and Future Perspectives