The subject deals with key areas of contemporary monetary theory and policy. It compares theories of money demand and money supply, including their implications for different monetary policy regimes. It clarifies approaches to the issue of the impact of money and monetary processes on expectations of economic subjects, price level, inflation, product and other macroeconomic variables. It analyses the monetary policy process, its objectives, tools and transmission mechanisms. Also, it provides an overview of monetary policy developments in the Czech Republic and the world, with an emphasis on current trends.