1. Historical development of instrument flight, legislation governing instrument flight (IFR).
2. Development of aircraft instrument equipment and ground-based navigation facilities. Arrangement of flight instruments in the aircraft cockpit.
3. Human factors – human capabilities, experience, attention management, spatial disorientation and in-flight illusions. Characteristics of instrument indications, system lag, and the use of automation.
4. Flight technique – differences between manual instrument flying and automated flight. Instrument flight meteorological minima, pre-flight planning (dispatch) and in-flight considerations.
5. Phases of an IFR flight – taxi, take-off, en-route phase, instrument approach. Low Visibility Operations (LVO).
6. Unusual attitudes during instrument flight, Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT).
7. Importance of maintenance and repairs, in-flight instrument failures.
8. Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) – modern methods of instrument flight.
9. Incidents and accidents caused by failures of equipment and errors in instrument flight procedures.
10. Practical flight training – procedure turns, departures (SID), arrivals (STAR).
11. Practical flight training – holding pattern entries, standard instrument approaches, circling approaches.
12. Practical flight training – emergency and safety procedures.
13. Training of procedures in a multi-crew environment (MCC – Multi-Crew Cooperation).