This subject provides an understanding of the fundamental and advanced concepts of probability and statistics required for experimental design and data analysis in the health sciences. Initially the subject introduces common study designs, random sampling and randomised trials as well as numerical and visual methods of summarising data. It then focuses on understanding population characteristics such as means, variances, proportions, risk ratios, odds ratios, rates, prevalence, and measures used to assess the diagnostic value of a clinical test. Finally, after determining the sampling distributions of some common statistics, confidence intervals will be used to estimate these population characteristics and statistical tests of hypotheses will be developed. The presentation and interpretation of the results from statistical analyses of typical health research studies will be emphasised.