- Definition of reaction kinetics and its classification (chemical, physical, homogeneous, heterogeneous). Basic kinetic terms - reaction rate, range of reaction, overall reaction order, reaction order of a particular component, molecularity, reaction mechanism, Guldberg - Waag law, reaction rate constant, degree of conversion (degree of dissociation). The way of expressing kinetic dependencies. Methods of determination of chemical reaction order - integral method, method of half-lives, differential method.
- Description of first-order kinetics using differential and integral kinetic equations, the half-life of a first-order reaction, pseudo unimolecular reactions. Description of the kinetics of second-order reactions using differential and integral kinetic equations, the half-life of second-order reactions. Description of n-th order reaction kinetics using differential and integral kinetic equations.
- Definition of simultaneous reaction, schematic description. Kinetics of reversible reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral form of kinetic equations, kinetics related to thermodynamics (reversible reactions and chemical equilibrium). Kinetics of simultaneous reactions (parallel reactions) - branched, competing reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral form of kinetic equations. Kinetics of consecutive reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral form of kinetic equations.
- Factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction, their characterization. Influence of temperature on chemical reaction rate, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, reaction coordinate, examples of reaction coordinates for exothermic and endothermic reactions. Influence of pressure on chemical reaction rate. Dependence of reaction rate on the composition of a reaction mixture at constant pressure.
- Chain reactions - description, characterization, stages, mechanism. Kinetics of unbranched and branched chain reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral kinetic equations. Theory of chemical kinetics - collision theory, activated-complex theory (theory of absolute reaction rates).
- Chemical reactors - discontinuously operating reactors, flow reactors (piston-flow reactor model, perfectly mixed reactors), adiabatic reactors. Kinetics of heterogeneous processes - description of a heterogeneous process, the definition of phase interface, parts of a heterogeneous process (diffusion of reactants to the phase interface, adsorption of reactants at the interface, chemical reaction, product desorption, diffusion of products from the interface to bulk) and their characterization.
- Diffusion - definition, mechanisms, explanation of different types of diffusion (molecular, convective, internal, external). Mathematical description of diffusion by Fick's laws. Characterization of factors influencing diffusion. Kinetics of simultaneous diffusion processes (sequential and simultaneous diffusion, diffusion followed by a chemical reaction at the phase interface). Practical use of diffusion.
- Adsorption - definition, mechanisms, fundamental terms (adsorbent x adsorbate), the definition of adsorption types (adsorption on solid and mobile phase interface, physical, chemical adsorption). Description of adsorption by adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, Gibbs adsorption isotherm). Practical use of adsorption.
- Catalysis - definition, explanation of fundamental terms (catalyst, coactivators, activators, promoters, inhibitors, poisons, autocatalytic reactions). Homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzyme catalysis, photocatalysis. Description of heterogeneously catalysed reactions (mass transport, adsorption, surface reaction, desorption). Mechanism of homogeneously catalysed reactions (acid-catalysed reactions, base-catalysed reactions, acid-base catalysis).
- Dispersion systems - general characteristics, fundamental terms (dispersion medium, dispersed fraction). Importance of dispersion systems. Classification of dispersion systems (according to the number of phases, according to the particle size, according to the state of the dispersed and dispersing substances). Overview of dispersion systems, their specification (true solutions, colloidal dispersions, coarse dispersions). Characterization of dispersion systems - size and shape of dispersed particles, statistical processing of data regarding particle size (particle size distribution function).
- Colloidal dispersions - characterization, lyophilic, lyophobic colloids. Formation of colloidal systems (dispersion, condensation). Optical properties of colloidal systems - light scattering, flow birefringence, Tyndall cone, ultramicroscopy. Electrical properties of colloidal systems.
- Kinetic properties of colloidal systems. Diffusion of colloidal particles - diffusion flow, Fick's laws of diffusion (Fick's first and second law). Sedimentation - sedimentation rate in the gravitational field, sedimentation rate in the centrifugal field, sedimentation equilibrium. Membrane equilibria - osmosis, measurement of osmotic pressure. Adsorption from solution. Surface tension, wettability, work of cohesion and adhesion.
- Heterogeneous colloidal dispersion - description, stability. Systems with liquid dispersion medium (foams, emulsions, sols). Systems with gaseous dispersion medium (aerosols, mists, fumes). Systems with solid dispersion medium (rigid foams, rigid emulsions, rigid sols).
The content of theoretical exercises will be in accordance with the syllabus.
A Lab exercise:
1. Laboratory task: Adsorption of oxalic acid on activated carbon
2. Laboratory task: Determination of activation energy of acetone iodination
3. Laboratory task: Determination of the reaction order for individual components in a non-elemental reaction
4. Laboratory task: Determination of the rate constant of basic hydrolysis of ethyl acetate
5. Laboratory task: Determination of ionex capacity in dynamic and static arrangement
- Description of first-order kinetics using differential and integral kinetic equations, the half-life of a first-order reaction, pseudo unimolecular reactions. Description of the kinetics of second-order reactions using differential and integral kinetic equations, the half-life of second-order reactions. Description of n-th order reaction kinetics using differential and integral kinetic equations.
- Definition of simultaneous reaction, schematic description. Kinetics of reversible reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral form of kinetic equations, kinetics related to thermodynamics (reversible reactions and chemical equilibrium). Kinetics of simultaneous reactions (parallel reactions) - branched, competing reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral form of kinetic equations. Kinetics of consecutive reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral form of kinetic equations.
- Factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction, their characterization. Influence of temperature on chemical reaction rate, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, reaction coordinate, examples of reaction coordinates for exothermic and endothermic reactions. Influence of pressure on chemical reaction rate. Dependence of reaction rate on the composition of a reaction mixture at constant pressure.
- Chain reactions - description, characterization, stages, mechanism. Kinetics of unbranched and branched chain reactions, description of their kinetics using differential and integral kinetic equations. Theory of chemical kinetics - collision theory, activated-complex theory (theory of absolute reaction rates).
- Chemical reactors - discontinuously operating reactors, flow reactors (piston-flow reactor model, perfectly mixed reactors), adiabatic reactors. Kinetics of heterogeneous processes - description of a heterogeneous process, the definition of phase interface, parts of a heterogeneous process (diffusion of reactants to the phase interface, adsorption of reactants at the interface, chemical reaction, product desorption, diffusion of products from the interface to bulk) and their characterization.
- Diffusion - definition, mechanisms, explanation of different types of diffusion (molecular, convective, internal, external). Mathematical description of diffusion by Fick's laws. Characterization of factors influencing diffusion. Kinetics of simultaneous diffusion processes (sequential and simultaneous diffusion, diffusion followed by a chemical reaction at the phase interface). Practical use of diffusion.
- Adsorption - definition, mechanisms, fundamental terms (adsorbent x adsorbate), the definition of adsorption types (adsorption on solid and mobile phase interface, physical, chemical adsorption). Description of adsorption by adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, Gibbs adsorption isotherm). Practical use of adsorption.
- Catalysis - definition, explanation of fundamental terms (catalyst, coactivators, activators, promoters, inhibitors, poisons, autocatalytic reactions). Homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzyme catalysis, photocatalysis. Description of heterogeneously catalysed reactions (mass transport, adsorption, surface reaction, desorption). Mechanism of homogeneously catalysed reactions (acid-catalysed reactions, base-catalysed reactions, acid-base catalysis).
- Dispersion systems - general characteristics, fundamental terms (dispersion medium, dispersed fraction). Importance of dispersion systems. Classification of dispersion systems (according to the number of phases, according to the particle size, according to the state of the dispersed and dispersing substances). Overview of dispersion systems, their specification (true solutions, colloidal dispersions, coarse dispersions). Characterization of dispersion systems - size and shape of dispersed particles, statistical processing of data regarding particle size (particle size distribution function).
- Colloidal dispersions - characterization, lyophilic, lyophobic colloids. Formation of colloidal systems (dispersion, condensation). Optical properties of colloidal systems - light scattering, flow birefringence, Tyndall cone, ultramicroscopy. Electrical properties of colloidal systems.
- Kinetic properties of colloidal systems. Diffusion of colloidal particles - diffusion flow, Fick's laws of diffusion (Fick's first and second law). Sedimentation - sedimentation rate in the gravitational field, sedimentation rate in the centrifugal field, sedimentation equilibrium. Membrane equilibria - osmosis, measurement of osmotic pressure. Adsorption from solution. Surface tension, wettability, work of cohesion and adhesion.
- Heterogeneous colloidal dispersion - description, stability. Systems with liquid dispersion medium (foams, emulsions, sols). Systems with gaseous dispersion medium (aerosols, mists, fumes). Systems with solid dispersion medium (rigid foams, rigid emulsions, rigid sols).
The content of theoretical exercises will be in accordance with the syllabus.
A Lab exercise:
1. Laboratory task: Adsorption of oxalic acid on activated carbon
2. Laboratory task: Determination of activation energy of acetone iodination
3. Laboratory task: Determination of the reaction order for individual components in a non-elemental reaction
4. Laboratory task: Determination of the rate constant of basic hydrolysis of ethyl acetate
5. Laboratory task: Determination of ionex capacity in dynamic and static arrangement