1. Excitation of Nanostructures by Photons – Photon–Photon Spectroscopy (UV-VIS spectroscopy, DRS – diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, PL – photoluminescence spectroscopy, XRF – X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy)
2. Excitation of Nanostructures by Photons – Photon–Electron Spectroscopy (UPS – ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS – X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-AES – Auger electron spectroscopy, PS – photoconductivity spectroscopy)
3. Excitation of Nanostructures by Electrons – Electron–Photon Spectroscopy (EDX – energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, WDX – wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy)
4. Excitation of Nanostructures by Positrons – Positron–Photon Spectroscopy (PAS – positron annihilation spectroscopy)
5. Excitation of Nanostructures by Electrons – Electron–Electron Spectroscopy (E-AES – Auger electron spectroscopy)
6. Dynamic Light Scattering by Nanoparticles (DLS – dynamic light scattering)