| Course Unit Code | 651-2054/01 |
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| Number of ECTS Credits Allocated | 4 ECTS credits |
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| Type of Course Unit * | Compulsory |
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| Level of Course Unit * | First Cycle |
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| Year of Study * | Second Year |
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| Semester when the Course Unit is delivered | Winter Semester |
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| Mode of Delivery | Face-to-face |
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| Language of Instruction | Czech |
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| Prerequisites and Co-Requisites | Course succeeds to compulsory courses of previous semester |
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| Name of Lecturer(s) | Personal ID | Name |
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| SEB0105 | prof. Dr. Mgr. Marek Šebela |
| Summary |
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| The course introduces molecules (amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, metabolites) and biopolymers (peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids) of living organisms. It primarily provides information about their structure, chemical properties and biological role. As regards to proteins, enzymes (including their coenzymes) are presented in detail. Fundamentals of enzyme kinetics are discussed. The term metabolism, including its energetic component, is explained. Basic metabolic pathways are presented: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway; citrate and glyoxylate cycles; respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation; degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids; ketogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis; degradation and biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides; light and dark phase of photosynthesis. Then the issues of transfer of hereditary information, i.e. DNA replication, transcription and translation (ribosomal production of proteins), are explained. Finally, modes of gene expression regulation are introduced along with information on the interconnection of metabolic pathways (metabolic integration) and their hormonal regulation. |
| Learning Outcomes of the Course Unit |
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| The aim is to acquaint students with fundamental concepts of biochemistry, main metabolic pathways and principles of metabolic regulation. Competences acquired: the ability to define main biochemical concepts, to describe main metabolic pathways, to be familiar with regulation of metabolic pathways. |
| Course Contents |
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| Molecules and life. Significance and position of biochemistry among natural sciences. Historical profiling of biochemistry as a scientific discipline. Relationships of biochemistry to other chemical disciplines and physiology. Amino acids and peptides. Nomenclature of peptides. Peptide sequencing and synthesis. Naturally occurring peptides: hormones, antibiotics and toxins. Proteins. Periodical secondary structures of proteins: alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet. Tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins. Allostery. Methods of determination of molecular mass of proteins. Protein assay methods. Enzymes. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes. Specificity and relationship to reaction equilibrium and activation energy. Factors influencing enzyme activity (pH, temperature, ionic strength). Enzyme kinetics. Michaelis-Menten equation, significance of the constant Km, methods of enzyme activity assay, activity units. Warburg optical test. Activation of enzymes. Reversible and irreversible inhibitions. Types of reversible inhibitions. Allosteric enzymes. Mechanism of enzyme action. Active site of enzymes. Zymogens. Coenzymes, cofactors, cosubstrates and prosthetic groups. Coenzymes of oxidoreductases (nicotinamides, flavins, lipoic acid and others). Coenzymes of transferases (TPP, biotin, coenzyme A). Function of pyridoxal phosphate. The role of vitamins with respect to coenzymes. Metabolism. Changes of free energy. Course of thermodynamically unfavored reactions. ATP and other macroergic phosphates. Structural base of the high ATP potential for group transfer. Glycolysis and alcohol fermentation. Conversions of pyruvate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Citrate cycle. Glyoxylate cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation and respiration chain. Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Elucidation of the mechanism of ATP formation. Pentose phosphate cycle, regulation of pentose and hexose levels. Formation of NADPH. Metabolism of disaccharides and glycogen. Gluconeogenesis, regulation of saccharide level. The role of insulin and saccharides. Lipids. Membranes and membrane transport. Metabolism of fats and fatty acids. The role of carnithine in fatty acid penetration into mitochondrial matrix, degradation of saturated, unsaturated and branched fatty acids. Metabolism of ketonic compounds and their significance. Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (fats) and cholesterol. Bile acids and steroid hormones. Biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids. Urea cycle. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Hormonal regulation of metabolic processes. Photosynthesis. C3 and C4 plants. Photorespiration. Calvin - Benson cycle. Components of nucleic acids. Biosynthesis and degradation of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides. Structure and function of DNA and RNA. Semiconservative replication of DNA. Genetic code. Functions of tRNA, mRNA and ribosomes. Procaryotic and eucaryotic biosynthesis of proteins. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis. Regulation of gene expression. Catabolite repression, attenuation, riboswitches - change of mRNA structure. An outline of gene regulation in eukaryotes. Integration and regulation of mammalian energetic metabolism. |
| Recommended or Required Reading |
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| Required Reading: |
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GARRETT, Reginald H. and Charles M. GRISHAM. Biochemistry, 4th ed. Boston: Brooks/Cole, 2010. ISBN 978-0-495-10935-8.
VOET Donald, Judith G. VOET and Charlotte PRATT. Fundamentals of biochemistry, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN 0-471-21495-7.
BERG, Jeremy M., John L. TYMOCZKO, Lubert STRYER and Gregory J. GATTO. Biochemistry. 7th international ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4292-7635-1.
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KODÍČEK, Milan, Olga VALENTOVÁ a Radovan HYNEK. Biochemie: chemický pohled na biologický svět. 2. přepracované vydání. Praha: Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze, 2018. ISBN 978-80-7592-013-3.
SOFROVÁ, Danuše. Biochemie: základní kurz. 4. vyd. Praha: Karolinum, 2009. Učební texty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze. ISBN 978-80-246-1678-0.
VOET Donald, Judith G. VOET and Charlotte PRATT. Fundamentals of biochemistry, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN 0-471-21495-7.
|
| Recommended Reading: |
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MOORE, John T. and Richard LANGLEY. Biochemistry for dummies. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Publishing, c2011. ISBN 978-1-118-02174-3.
NELSON, David L., Michael M. COX and Albert L. LEHNINGER. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. Seventh edition. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4641-2611-6. |
KOOLMAN, Jan a Klaus-Heinrich RÖHM. Barevný atlas biochemie. Přeložil Vladimír BENDA a Martin VEJRAŽKA, ilustroval Jürgen WIRTH. Praha: Grada Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-80-247-2977-0.
GARRETT, Reginald H. and Charles M. GRISHAM. Biochemistry, 4th ed. Boston: Brooks/Cole, 2010. ISBN 978-0-495-10935-8.
VOET Donald, Judith G. VOET and Charlotte PRATT. Fundamentals of biochemistry, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN 0-471-21495-7.
POSPÍŠIL, Jiří, Pavel PEČ, Ivan RŮŽIČKA, Zdeněk ŠÍPAL a Pavel ANZENBACHER. Biochemie. Praha: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, 1992. ISBN 8004217362.
VODRÁŽKA, Zdeněk. Biochemie. 2., opr. vyd. Praha: Academia, c1996. ISBN 80-200-0600-1.
VOET, Donald and Judith G. VOET. Biochemie. Přeložil Arnošt KOTYK, Bohumil BOUZEK a Martin BURKHARD. Praha: Victoria Publishing, 1995. ISBN 8085605449.
BERG, Jeremy M., John L. TYMOCZKO, Lubert STRYER and Gregory J. GATTO. Biochemistry. 7th international ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4292-7635-1.
MOORE, John T. and Richard LANGLEY. Biochemistry for dummies. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Publishing, c2011. ISBN 978-1-118-02174-3.
NELSON, David L., Michael M. COX and Albert L. LEHNINGER. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. Seventh edition. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4641-2611-6.
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| Planned learning activities and teaching methods |
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| Lectures |
| Assesment methods and criteria |
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| Task Title | Task Type | Maximum Number of Points
(Act. for Subtasks) | Minimum Number of Points for Task Passing |
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| Examination | Examination | 100 | 51 |