1.Atmosphere - chemical composition, heat balance, heating and cooling, greenhouse effect, atmospheric layers, importance and variations of tropopause for flying.
2.Meteorological data - basic meteorological elements and meteorological phenomena, expressions, measurements, standards.
3.Adiabatic processes - introduction, physical basis, vertical air particle motions, vertical stability, conditional stability.
4.Adiabatic processes - applications, evaluation of aerological output by various methods, convection prediction, causes and characteristics of inversions and thunderstorms.
5.Wind - Causes, conditions of formation, derivation of Coriolis force, derivation and vector construction of forces in geostrophic and gradient winds, causes and derivation of winds in the mixing layer, causes and description of updrafts.
6.Local winds - causes, characteristics and hazards to flying in mountain and sea breezes, mountain wave - Föhn, local winds of large and small scale typical of different regions of the world.
7.Earth's Pressure System - location of major pressure cells, global vertical and horizontal circulation in the troposphere, types and characteristics of pressure highs, trade winds and antipaths, types and characteristics of pressure lows, westerly waves, tropical rotating storms and tropical cyclones, tornadoes, dust devils.
8.Global climate system of the earth - geographical characteristics and dynamics during seasons, ITCZ, monsoon, tropical climatology, temperate and polar climatology.
9.Air masses and fronts - Types of air masses, description and factors affecting air mass properties, classification of air masses and their regions of origin, warm front and associated cloud and weather, warm sector and associated cloud and weather, cold front of type I and II and associated cloud and weather, weather behind cold front, occlusion (warm and cold) and associated cloud and weather, movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle.
10.Hazards to flight, icing - introduction, icing conditions, types of icing, icing before flight, icing outside clouds, icing inside clouds, icing in precipitation, icing forecast.
11.Hazards to flight, turbulence - definition, types and causes of turbulence, horizontal wind shear, conditions of occurrence, causes, vertical wind shear, conditions of occurrence, causes, thermal turbulence, effects on aircraft, CAT, Low Level Jet, Jet Stream.
12.Hazards to flight, thunderstorms - structure of thunderstorms, sequence of developmental stages, storm cells, electricity in the atmosphere, static charges, origin of lightning and effect of lightning strike on aircraft, frontal thunderstorms and heat storms, lines of instability, conditions of origin and process of development, prediction, locations of occurrence, type specification, development and effect of downburst phenomenon, microburst, tornadoes.
13.Meteorological maps - significant weather maps, ground maps, elevation maps, analytical and forecast maps.
14.Information for flight planning and execution - aviation codes: METAR, TAF, SPECI, SIGMET, SNOWTAM; runway status, meteorological radio broadcasts for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS, HF-VOLMET, ACARS; content and use of pre-flight meteorological documentation: meteorological briefing and consultation; systems for measuring and signalling wind shear at low levels, inversions; special meteorological warnings; information for computer flight planning. |